Automatic balancing mechanism for aircraft.



1.. P. TARB QX. AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCIRAF'I APPLICATION FILED FEB. 10.191 1 v Patented Apr.18,-1916:

I0 SHEETS-SHEEI I.

J. P. T'ARBOX.

AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

Patented ApI; 18

1916- "1o SHEETS-SHEET 2.

APPLICATION FILED FEB.10.1911.' V

J. P. TARBOX.

. AuToMATIc BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. NIL 1911.

- Patent-ed Apr. 18, 1916.

10 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

F I I I II 1. P. TARBOX. AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR'AIRCRAFT.

- APPLICATION FI LED FEB-10,1911.

Patented Apr. 18

I0 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

1. vP. TARB.0X 4

. AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. I0. 1911. v Patqnted Apr. 18', 1916.

I0 SHEETS-SHEET 5- IJPITA'RBOX.

AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR-AIRCRAFT.

APP LIVQATION FhlLED 'FEB. 10. 1911. Patente p 18 1916.

10 SHEETS-SHEET 6- J. P. TARBOX. AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

APPLICATION FILED FEB; 19.1911.

' mm Apr. 18

-1'o SHEETS-SHEET 7.

WW mu V J. P. TARBOX. AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

' APPLICATION FILEIJ FEB- IO. I9II- Patented Apr. 18, 1916.

I0 SHEETS-SHEET 8- I Llfim,

I 1. P. TARBOX.

AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

IPaIehted Apr. 18, 1916.

10 SHEETS-SHEET 9.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. 10, 19H.

a p n JOHN P. TARBOX, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, A' SSIG-NOR TO TAJELBOK" SAFETY AIRCRAFT COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

AUTOMATIC BALANCING MECHANISM FOR AIRCRAFT.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Apr. I, 19 1M.

Application filed February 10, 1911. Serial N 0. 607,736.

do which will automatically maintain the true balance of aerial craft and particularly that type of craft known as flying machines. Not only'will the mechanism automatically balance the craft while flying straight away,

" v and when its balance is disturbed by varying air or craft conditions, but it will also automatically incline an air craft making a turn at an angle varying with the degree of the turn, an will maintain this angular 0 inclination an balance the craft at that angle as long as d e turn is being made, and will at the end of that time automatically right the machine and maintain the same righted until another turn is made. And

this balancing is accomplished by the mechanism of my invention without in any way interfering with the full freedom of movement of the air craft, and its entire control by the operator. Hand control of the balancing means may be usedif desired. The mechanism is organized in such form that itmay be applied to any form of air craft whatsoever. In combination with any air craft in connection with which balancing means are used or may be used, the result is an automatically balancing craft.

The advantages of such a craft are very numerous, and most important as is now well recognized in the art. It is practically 40 impossible for a novice to upset a craft laterally when the craft is provided with this invention. The mind of the operator is entirelyrelieved of responsibility of balancing, and accidents due to errors in judgment. and due to inability to respond quickly to unbalancing, are entirely avoided. Moreover. the weight carried by the craft may be displaced laterally from the center of support, and carried there for long periods of time without upsetting the craft. It is possible to travel in Winds which are rough and gusty without danger, and to travel in such winds moving at high ve-' locity, an accomplishment which hasnot heretofore been possible.

In the accomplishment of my invention I make use of a standard of position with respect to the earth, and provide power op erated mechanism Which automatically maintains the craft in predetermined rela- 0 tion to this standard, the mechanism being controlled by change of positional relation between the standard and the craft. Further according to my invention I provide follow-up devices in connection with the o5 mechanism which act to make the balancing dead beatand to secure a positive movement of the balancing means in all directions. Further I provide means for changing the normal relation between the standard and the craft at will, whereby the craft is maintained balanced at a different angle. Still the mechanism is so arranged that it may be used either in conjunction with hand control or either the mechanism or the hand control may be used independently.

I have shown in the accompanying drawings one of the specific forms which my invention may be given. In this embodi- 8o ment I use as a standard of position with respect to the earth a pendulum. Any other standard may be substituted. The balancing means shown are a common form of balancing planes, hinged at the forward endof the craft and normally occupying a horizontal plane, and adapted to be moved in or out of that plane by its rear end. Any other form of balancing means maybe used, such for instance as shown in my co-pendinc; application Serial Number 607,735,filed February 10, 1911, or for instance as the warping planes of the \Vright machines and others, or ailerons of the F arman type. The operating means for the balancing means is associated with a source of power which source is adapted to move the balancing means in response to change of positional relation between the craft and the standard. Controlling means are provided 0 between the standard and the source l f powerby which the application of pow r to the operating means for the balancing devices is controlled. I have shown a winding drum operating the balancing devices through cords. Any known operating means may be used. I have also shown the source of power as a continuously rotated shaft driven from the engine of the air craft. Anyother suitable source of power 1 may likewise be used. The steering mechanism associated with the balancing mechanism is of the. form shown in my copending application Serial Number 607,735,filed February 10, 1911. Any other form of steering mechanism may be used. Simi-" larly the other parts of my invention may begiven other forms-as I shall show.

Y Thus broadly is my invention defined, and specifically it consists in the details of the embodiment disclosed herein and in the details of other embodiments the subjects matter of which are to be incorporated in craft balanced horizontally.. Fig. 2 showswith the craft more fully recovered and divisional applications.

Figures 1 to 6 are diagrammaticF1g. 1 shows the parts in normal position with the the parts in the positions they occupy immediately upon alist to the left, and before the balancing devices have been operated.

.Fig. 3 shows the parts in the positions they occupy after the balancing devices have" been operated to their maximum position -and the. craftrecovering its normal position. Fig.4 shows the positions of the parts with the balancing devices being moved back from maximum position to normal.

Fig. 5 shows the positions of. the parts as changed throughfthe steering gear in making a turn. Fig. 6 shows the parts in their positions during the making of a turn with the steering rudder in a defined position, the craft being in a state of balance. Fig. 7

is a detail" section on line 77 .of Fig. 1.

Fig. 8 is a front elevation of a commercially organized mechanism ready for use. Fig. 9 is a planview of the same. Fig. 10 is a central vertical section of the operating means onfline 10 10' of Fig. 8. Fig. 11 is a side elevation. Fig. 12 is a view of the "mechanism installed in a machine.

Referring tothe-drawings 1O designates the main planes of a flying machine of the biplane type diagrammatically, and 11 and 11' designate the right and left balancing planes. Thesebalancing planes are controlled by cords or wires 12 which extend to a drum 13 towhich they are secured and by which they=may be operated. This con- I stitutes the operating means. Cords 14 extend from this drum to drum or pulley 15 on the control shaft 16 of the steering mech- 5 anism. By turning this shaft 16 by means of the hand wheel 17 the balancing means may be moved manually in the usual manner' when the automaticmechanism is not This is the manual hand tries 21 and 21 act through straps 22 and 22 to reciprocate rods 23 and 23 held in bearings 24 in the powercontrolling frame 25 pivotally supported on shaft 18. The

side or the other.

, through which a sliding geared connection 'of the shaft 26.

craft.

eccentrics with the shaft constitute the source of power. The drum 13 is mounted on shaft 26 parallel to and below shaft 18, preferably vertically below. The controllin' frame 25 is open'between the rods 23 and 23", the legs of the frame straddling the disks 27 28 so that these disks may turn free with the shaft. Operating pawls 29 29' secured to the rods 23 and 23 are adapted to engage the respective disks 27 and 28 when the frame 25 ismoved to one These pawls are biased inwardly toward the disks by springs 30 but 8* are prevented from normally engaging the disks by retaining pins 31 which engage the extensions 32 from the rear ends of the pawls and limit the inward movement of the the yoke 34 by a pin and slot connection 38 39. The block 37 is movable laterally in a frame 40 which frame is in turn laterally movable in guides 41. A screw 42 is j ournaled in bearings -l3 44 on frame 40 and has-a threaded connection 15 with block 37. The pendulum is the standard of position. One end of the screw 42 is provided with an extension shaft 47 having a key way. 18

is made with beveled gear 49. A second beveled gear 50 meshes with the gear 49 and is driven from shaft 26, partaking of the movements thereof through sprockets 51 52 chain 53 and shaft 54. Thus block 37 to which the pendulum is connected is given a movement proportional to the movement This mechanism is the follow-up device.

The frame 40 is connected by means of cords 55 with the rotatable steering post 56 of the steering mechanism. By the rotation of this post the vertical rudders are turned to change the lateral direction of the This post is geared to controlling drum 57 of the rear rudder by means of a lost motion gear connection 58 59. The. teeth of the gear 58 are removed for some distance, while the teeth of the gear 59 are removed only for a distance sufficient to make room for the arcuate cut 60 by which the gear 59 is normally locked by the gear 58.- Thus a lost motion connection is provided betweenthe shaft 56 and the vertical rudder. Thus means is provided for caushand end laterally thereby ing a change of the relative position of theand power controlling means standard 35 upon operation of the steering gear.

The lefthand end of the frame 40 carries a laterally movable bearing 61 for the left .of the screw 42. The bearing is threadedto the left ,end of the frame 40 by a coarse thread extending a portion only of its length. The screw is swiveled to the bearing as shown in Fig. 7 so as to be moved but not to be rotated. To the outer end of an operating pulley 62 fixed in position and connected by means of cords 63 to an operating lever 64 adapted to be latched in adjusted positions. The opposite end of screw 42 is slidably journaled in frame 40 as shown in Fig. 8. This is the means of hand control and adjustment of the automatic means.

It will be observed that the frame 40 mounted in the frame 41, together with the screw shafts 42 and 61 constitute in combination a three point'diiferential connection to the pendulum standard 35. Through this mechanism it is possible that the pendulum may be differentially and simultaneously acted upon by each of three devices to wit:

the follow up device 49, 50, '53, 13 connected with the shaft 42, second, the steering gear connection to frame 40, and third, the manual control connection to the shaft 61. The sultant movement of the three actions, of any two of the three, or from any one. Any other known form of differential connection may be substituted for that shown, the principal requisite being that the pendulum must be so connected to the differential as to partake of a movement the resultant of the several component movements from the several points.

Two escapement pawls and 66 engage one each disk 27, 28, and are disposed in opposite directions, having their rear ends normally locking the disks, being biased thereto by springs 67. The rear ends of these escapement pawls are extended into the paths of movement of abutments 68 on the rods 23, 23. By this means either escapement may be operated to release the corresponding disk 27 or 28 one tooth at a time. This is the locking means. These pawls 65 and G6 are vertically movable, being carried on the end of link 69 connected to lever 70 pivoted to fixed support 71 and operable by cord 72 or other means. This cord extends to a hand control 73 pivoted on a fixed support 74. Inthe path of cord 72 are two adjacent bell crank levers 75 and 76 adjacent the face of the controlling member 34. Their inner ends are correspondingly slotted and embrace a pin 77 on the controlling member. Their outer ends are attached to branches 78 and 79 from the cord 72. When the cord is the member 61 is splined pendulum of course partakes of the re-' pulled the escapement pawls 65 and 66 are disengaged from the disks, and the controlling member is moved by levers 75 and 76 to mid-position in which pawls 2f), 29 do not engage, and is held there. This mechanism is the releasing means. With this understanding of the structural features of the invention its operation will be clear.

Let us consider first the operation of the mechanism to restore'the balance of a craft upon a list to one side due to any cause. We will assume the list is to the left, the operation on right and left lists being the same.

Fig. 2 shows the parts in their relative positions, immediately the list takes place, and before .the balancing mechanism ,has' acted. It will be observed that the line 10 representing the central transverse line of the craft and all the parts-are listed to. left together. 'But the pendulum has moyed from its normal position over the center line C-Cbeing biased downwardly and to the left of the-line CC by gravity. It has moved the controlling member 34,.tl 'erefare to the right, and the left hand power pawl 29 engages disk 27. The next instant the ,pawl which is being constantly reciprocated by the eccentric 21, has movedjlthe disk 27 and the operating, drum one point and the balancing planes 11 and 11 have been moved to correct the unbalancing. And the movement continues until the craft responds and partially recovers its normal position, when the movement forward in this direction. is stopped automatically. This condition is shown in Fig. 3. At every forward movement in this direction of the planes 11 11 by the operating means, the pivot block 37 is shifted to the left with respect to the controlling member 34, by reason of the action of the follow-up device. Through the gearing 51, 52, 53, 54, 50, 49, 48 47 the screw 42 is rotated in the frame 40 in a direction to accomplish this. This brings the pendulum to the vertical position again while the craft is still unbalanced, the plac-- ing of the standard in the vertical position being due to the combined action of the follow up movement and the return movement of the craft. And this vertical position shown in Fig. 3 is reached, by reason of the movement of the pivot to left by the followup device, before the craft has wholly recovered its balance. Thereupon the pendulum disengages the pawl 29, moving the controlling member 34 back to mid-position as shown. Response continuing the pen dulum is carried to the right of the vertical and the controlling member 34 is moved to the left to engage the right hand pawl 29.

Fig. 4 shows this condition. -The craft has almost recovered its balance, and the balancing planes are being operated rapidly backward from maximum forwardposition to normal, and when the craft has reached its normal position of Fig. 1, they likewise -will be at normal, the follow-up device having operated this time to move the pivot back to normal. Thus overrunning and oscillating are effectually prevented and the a corrective influence of the balancing planes is made approximately proportional to the degree of unbalancing. It is to be noted 4 that the greater the unbalancing-the greater the deflection of the balancing planes, to

I the speed of the craft. The lateral'steering rudder is shifted to the left as usual by.

turning the post 16 from its normal position.

correct, and the more'stubborn the craft to.

respond, also the greater the deflection f the balancing planes.

Consider neXt the operation of the mecha nism in making aturn to right or left. Assume a turn tothe left. It is necessary in 0rd to prevent lateral skidding that the craft have a 'list to the-left of a degree depending upon the sharpness of the turn and -By'reason of the connection between the frame and the steering gear, the frame "and hence .the pivot .of the pendulum is shifted bodily to the left, the positional re-' 'lation between the standard andthe controlling member 34 and craft being thus changed. j What follows is-shown in Fig. 5.

The steering lever 15 has been turned from its normal position of Fig. 1. During the initial part of this movement and before the vertical rudder has been moved (by vir- 40 has been moved to left. The controlling member 34 has moved to left, thus engaging the pawl 29' with the ratchet 28, and the balancing planes have been moved in the direction of the positions shown, and thecraft .has been given a list to the left. It is to be noted that the direction of movement of the planes under these conditions is the reverse .of movement to correct a list to the left. As the movementof the balancing planes is taking place, the follow-updevice is moving the pivot to the right, (also the reverse of the initial movement to correct tending to move the controlling member 4 back to initial position, as before. This'movement continues until the craft has listed ov'er far enough to bring the pendulum to vertical position, when the controlling member is' moved to the left and the pawl 29 disengaged. The balancing planes are still deflected, however, as inthe case illustrated ment pawls, 65 and 66. The listing therein Fig. 8, being held locked by the escapefore continues, and immediately the con trolling member .3-1 is thrown to the right,

similarly tothe shifting of Fig. 4,- whereupon the planes'll, 11 are moved step by; step back to normal and the listing ceases as they reach normal, the follow-up device having moved the pivot 36 back, and the tue of the lost motion connection) the frame pendulum once more'being vertical. This is shown in Fig. 6, and the craft will be. thus maintained listed at a definite angle for each defined angle of turn. And this despite disturbing conditions, the craft being automatically balanced at the abnormal angle in='the same manner as in normal position. i

By virtue of the lost motion connection,

the craft is already listed a certain amount before any turning is done, the vertical rudder commencing its movement after the'balancing planes. Preferably, I so proportion the gearing connections between the steering gear and the pendulum frame 40 that the pendulum standard is shifted through an angle equal approximatelyto one half the desired angle of list. The reason for this is that the listing continues both during movement of the balancing planes to maximum position, when the pendulumv hangs again vertically, and during the returmofthe balancing planes to normal.

At any time during turning or speeding straight away the balancing devices may be operated under hand-,controlthrough the connections .(61', 62, 63, 64), the lever 64 .being moved to' shift the relation of the pendulum standard of position with respect to the controlling member 34. This is especially. valuable as a means of adjust- '34 moved to normal position "free from the operating meansby operating the lever 7 3, thus raising the pawls- 65, 66 and moving the levers 77 and 7 8 to the dotted line positions shown'whereupon the balancing devices may be manually controlled through the gear, 14,

15, 16, 17 as is usual-at the present time. In fact the control may be shifted from automatic to manual and back at any time during operation. a

' A balancing device 80 of the verticallaterally deflectable type shown in my co-pending application S. No. 607,735, is shown in combination with the automatic operating devices. It is mounted on a mast 81 and is operable by cords which pass from an oper- -ating lever 82 located on the right hand side of the operators seat and extending-through sheaves83 on the cross 'arm 84 .and to the balancing devic'e- -By this means in stopping, as well as any other time the action of the automatic device may be supplemented.

ins ers by hand control, and hand control may be used upon the disablement of any of the automatic devices. :Thus it will be seen that I have attained the objects of my invention and have providedja flexible and efficient control whicl is adapted to control under all conditions. And the control is so automatic that any one may operate a craftequipped with it. It is to be noted also that it may be used to balance. a craft longitudinally and to control its elevation. Thusif a craft be equipped with two of these mechanisms .one pperating to preserve lateral balance as shown, and the other operating through the elevating planes to preserve longitudinal balance, the only part an operator has to look out for. is the lateral steering, and

under favorable conditions this may be left i to 'itselfby, suitably looking it.

Particular attention is directed to the dead beat nature of the pendulum. The controlling .device 34 has a relatively small range of""ni'ovement, there being just 'sufficient lost motion presentto permit ef slight oscillation of the pendulum due -.to;

gentle rocking of the craft Without engage} ment of the controlling means; with the operating means. pendulum is damped by dash pots 85 so that the pendulum is free from objectionable vibration; But far more important than this is the fact that by reason of the attachment of the pendulum to the controlling means. at itsupper end, its range of initial mov ment is limited. Tn other words its ampli tudetof vibration is initially limited. After the initial movement of the craft in one direction or the other lists the pendulum in the opposite directiong-the pendulum is biased by gravitational forces to hold the control- .ling device 34 in engagement with the oper ating means. The pendulum thereforecan not vibrate freely at any time, and disturbance of the operating device from this source is effectually prevented. If desired the lost motion between the controlling means and the'operating means may be entirely eliminated as in certain hydraulic embodiments of my invention, and furthermore this lost motion may be given any desired value depending upon the characteristics of any par ticular' machine. The thrust fore and aft due to inertia is taken up by roller bearing 35 -35h T have embodied my invention in commercial form, and show the best form now known to me in Figs. 8 to 12 inclusive of the drawings. All of the parts previously described by means of the diagrams of Figs.

shaped spac'edside vmember's 86-,and sub-- stantialiy in the order shown'and described in the diagrams. The T-shap'ed frame members are invertedythe top of gthejifi being at The movement of the are numbered similarly. ;They are x-mounted in a frame composedof two T the bottom of the frame. At the topof the frame is mounted the powenshaft 18, and at the bottom therlink block 40 carrying the pendulum is slidably mounted in a way 87: Between the power shaft and the pendulum is mounted. the operating drum 13. Thepower transmitting pawl rods 23 carried by the controlling frame 25 are arranged strad dling the shaft 26 and in position to be moved intoengagementwith the ratchets 27,;

28 mounted onthe shaft 26. The-follow-up device comprising gearing 47., 48., 4:9, 50, 53 etc., is arranged substantially as previously described, thegear 49 being splined upon the "shaft 4:2 and fixed in its rotative plane by location in a pocket 87 formed in the right hand end of the base of the frame. Extensions from the inside of this; pocket provide a bearing 87 for the transverse;-

shaft 51. Onthe opposite side ofthe base of the frame is provided a pocket somewhat similar to pocket 87 for the guidance of" pulley 62 splined on shaft 61 and connected with operating cords 63 through which hand control is effected, v Ij-Tn Fig. 7 is shown a detail of the connect l tifon of shaft 61 with the "screw shaft 42. ift is to be noted that the shaft 61 is'screwas shown, and the block 69 is sliddbly llhe pulleys; over which the operating, 5'5

mounted in the body of the frame connected with the link f0 pass to the rear rudder control, are shown as journaled on the base of the frame inside. The connection of the mechanism'with-the power shaft 19 is indicated by the-pitch-oircles 20 of the gears. The power shaft 19 may be the engine shaftsor any shaft connected to it or otherwisejggdriven continuously.

fit)

lin order to limit jthe extent of movement I of the balancing devices by the mechanism,

and prevent over movement of the same due to any cause, I provide right and left hand stops 89 which. extend downwardly from the controlling member, and into the path ofv movement of. the block 37. By this means when thewblock 37 has been given a gages one of the stops 89 -and' move s the controlling member 34 to its 0% position in which the operating paw-ls 29 .de not engage the operating ratchets 27 28. The maxi.

deflection of the operating devices is certain movementto right and left it en-.

thus limited. Suitable adjusting means in the form of set screws 90 on the ends of the stops 89 are provided for adjusting thisnection of the operating drum 13 with the operating shaft 26. This connection is' made by means of spiral springs 91 fastened at one end to the shaft and at the other end to the drum, and constituting a yieldingconnection,

Transmission of shocks through the connections to the balancing devices is thus prevented. This yielding connection' may be placed in some other position if desired the main requirement being that it shall be placed between the operating means 27 28 and the. balancing y devices 11 11,

occupies a minimum of space; Itis designed to occupy but the space of an ordinary mantel clock, being about 14 i'nches high by 6 inches deepby 18 inches extreme width,

and weigh but 18 orv 20 pounds or less, all

parts being made oflight metal and of strong-and durable design. i I have shown" in this application what I term the mechanical embodiments of my invention. I have devised hydraulic, compressed air, and electric embodiments, in -which*t he operation of the balancing desame principles as outlined therein, but through the use of motive liquids, motive v fluids and- Imotive electricity respectively.

cally changing the said normal positional .relation'of the standard whenever the steeran automatic balancing mechanism comprising operating "means for the said balancing .devices,' a sou.rce of power for m'ovingsaid operating means, a standard of posit onwhich has a normal relative position with respectto the craft and which controls the movement ofsaid operating means by said 1- source of power, and means connected-with said steering gear of the craft for automatiing gear is operated.

2. In combination with an air craft proat vided with balancing devices, operating moving said operating means, a standard of position which has anormal positional re lation to the craft, and which is adapted to control the movement of said operating means from said source of power, a lateral steering device for said craft, and means connecting the lateral steering device with the standard, and-operating to change the normal positional relation of the standard when the steering device is operated to turn the craft right and left.

3.- In combination with an air craft provided with balancing devices, operating means for the balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means,a standard of position which has a normal positional relation to said craft, and which controls the movement of said operating In Fig. '12 I have shown my invention .as' fimounted upon a flying machine. It will be observed that it is neat and compact, andmeans from said source of power, steering gear for the craft, and means for connecting the steerlng gear wlth the standard operative upon movement of the steering gear to change the positional relation of the standard proportionally to the movement of Qthe steering gear. 1} v 4:. 'A balancing mechanism for aircraft,

comprising. balancing devices, steering means, a standard of position for controllingthe movement of said balancing devicesin accordance with the variations of the craft from normal position, and power operated operating mechanism between said steering means and standard of position on vices is carried out by substant ally the the one hand and said balancing device on the other, controlled in its operation jointly by said standard of position and said steering gear. These ,mod ficatlons are to becovered in 5: An automatic balancing system for aircraft comprising balancing devices, a vertical steering rudder, an automatic balancing mechanism for operating said balancing devices' having'a normally free and unrestricted control over said balancing devices, and manually operable steering gear for moving said vertical rudder having a connection with the said balancing mecha- -nism" to effect voperation of said balancing devices through operation of said mechamm to bank the craft without removing the balancing devices from the control of said balancing mechanism vhereby the normal free and unrestricted control of said balancing devices by said mechanism is not impaired.

6. An automatic balancing system for aircraft-comprising balancing devices, a verti- 5 cal steering rudder,-power operated automatic balancing mechanism automatically operating said balancing devices in response to unbalancing of the craft, manually op 'erablesteering gear 'for operating said 'vertical rudder, said balancing mechanism, havv ing power controlling means automatically governed in its operation byarstandard of 'connection between the lid position, and connections from said manual steering gear to said automatic mechanism adapted automatically to change the normal same, a vertical steering rudder control, and

a control connection between said rudder control and said automatic mechanism adapted to effect an operation of said balancing devices by said automatic mechanism without interfering with its free automatic operation when the rudder control is operated to edect a change of course of the craft.

8. An automatic balancing system comprising balancing devices, an automatic balancing mechanism for operating the same, comprising operating means 'for balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means, controlling means adapted to control the movement of said operating means from said source of power, a standard of position connected to govern said controlling means in response to unbalancing of the craft, there being a fol low-up connection between the said operating means and said controlling means, a vertical steering rudder, an operating device for the same, ,and a connection between said rudder operating device and said automatic mechanism adapted toeffect movement of said balancing devices through said automatic mechanism whenever said rudder is moved. a

9. An automatic balancing system comprising balancing devices, an automatic bal ancing mechanism for operating the same,- comprising operating means for balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means, controlling means adapted to control the movement of said operating means from said source of power, a standard of position'fconnected to govern said controlling means in response to unbalancing of the craft, there being a follow-up said operating means and said controlling means, a vertical steering rudder, an operating device for the same, and a connection between said rudder operating device and said autoniatic mechanism adapted to effect movement of said balancing devices through said auto matic mechanism whenever said rudder is moved, and additional-hand operated means for effecting automatic operation of the bal ancing devices at will independently of the aforesaid rudder'operating means.

Anautomatie balancing system for aircraft rie ava lowup connection dill'erential and the com risin balancing devices.

b v is steering means for the craft, an automatic balancing mechanism for operating said balancing devices having a normally 'free and unrestricted control over said balancing devices, and manually operable steering gear for moving said vertical rudder hav ing a connection with the said balancing mechanism to effect operation of said balancing devices to bank the craft without removing them from the control of said bal; ancing mechanism whereby the normal free and unrestricted control of'said balancing devices by said mechanism is not impaired, and additional means manually operable in dependently of the aforesaid steering gear connected to similarly control'the said balanclng devices.

11. An automatic balancing system comprising balancing devices, an automatic balancing mechanism for operating the same, comprising operating means for the balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means, controlling meansv adapted to control the movement of said operating means from said source of power, a standard of position connected to govern said controlling means in response to un balancing of the craft, said standard having a defined'normal positional relation, a three point ,dilterential connection through. which the normal positional relation of said standard may be changed, there'being a folbetween one point oi said aforesaid operating means, a vertical steering ruddenoperating connections between said vertical steering rudder and the second point of said difi'en ential, and manual controlling means connecting w th the third pointv of said difiien entiai.

12. An automatic balancing system comprising balancing devices, an automatic balanc'ing mechanism for operating the same, comprising operating means for balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means, controlling means adapted to control the movement" of said operating Ineans'from said source of power, a standard of position connected togovern said controlling means in response to unbalancing of the craft, there being a follow-up, connection be tween the said operating, means and said controlling means, a vertical steering rod lld der, an-operating device for thesame, and a connection between said device and said automatic mechanism adapted to effect movement of said balancing devices through said automatic mechanism whenever said rudder is moved, and limit stops adapted to actthrough said controlrudder operating ling means to define points of extreme move; 0

ment of said balancing devices.

13. An automatic balancing system. com-' prlsing balancing devices, an automatic bal ancing mechanism for operating the same,

tional relation of said standard, there being 4 a follow-up connection between one point comprising operating means for the balancg: -;1,fig devices, a source of-power for moving u.

saidoperating means, controlling means one of said controlling means and standar may beshiftedto change the normal pos of'jsaiddifferential and the-aforesaid operat ng means, a vertical steering rudder-, and operatmg connections between sa1d verrudder and the second polnt;

tical steering of said differential.

. 14. In combination with an air craft pro- .vided with .balancing devices, operating I means for the balancing devices, a source of relation of'the standard proportionately to .them'ovement'of the steering gear, 'said 'con- 'ne ction embracing lost motion means whereby said standard may be given a certain limited amount of movement independently of said steering gear and without movingthe same; l.

I 15. In combination with an aircraft pro erating means," asta'ndard of positiorrwhiclr has: a normal positional. relation wlthre" power for moving said operating means, a standard of position which has'anormal positionalrelation with respect to the craft and "which is adapted to controlthe move-- 'ment of said operating means from said k i-s'ai'dmechamsm and separate'fro-m the first jnamed manual control means whereby the balancing devices may be manually con-r trolled through theautomatic mechanism .fromeither manual control without intersource of power,steering gear for said craft, means connecting the steeringgear with the vstandard and operative upon the movement of the steering gear to change the positional vided with: balancing devices, operating means for" the same, a source ofpower for moving said operating means, a standard of position-which has a normal relative position with respect to the craft, and which is.- adapted to control the movement of said. operating means by said source-of power, a laterally shiftable frame which-=7 carries the.' standard of position, lateral steering "gear-.1, for thecra'ft, and means connecting the'said' steeringfge'ar with thejsaid laterally,shift-' able frame whereby the frame maybe shift= edQ asthe'steering gear-is moved, i v

16; Iii-"comb, nation with an-air craft "pro,-

vided with balancing devices, operating meansfaprovided "for operating the balanc-" ing. devices,-'a source ofpower for said op spect to'thecraft,'.and;which is adapted to control "tliie movement 1 of said I operating means from said source of power, steering gear for'thcz'craftfand'connections of such proportion between?- the steering gear and the standard. of position as to 'cause a m'oveinent of the standard through an angle subst'antially equal to one-half of the angle of list it is desiredto; give the craft when male ing a turn.

"17 Infcombination with an aircraft-profvided with balancing devices, power devices for operating the samefcontrollingmeans tweenthe saidvertical rudder on the onehand and-said controlling means andstandmovement of the one, through a distance substantially "proportional to one-half the initial" angle of list it is desired to give the craft when making a turn.

nism ,for operating the balancing devices, manual control means for said vertical rudder, connect1ons from sa d manual control means. to said balancing mechanism to efi'ectoperation ofthe said balaiicing, devices by fsaidmechanism when the vertical rudder 1s movedandadditlonal manual control means for the 'automatic' mechanism remote from ard 'of position onthe other as to cause a 18. An air craft, balancing devices, a vert cal rudder, an automatlc balancing mecha- 19. In an aircraft, balancing devices, a

wertical rudder, an automatic balancing mechanism for operating the balancing devices, manual control means for said ver tical rudder, manual control. -means for the automatic balancing mechanism remote from said mechanism and separate from the first named manual control-means, together with a dire'ct manual control for operating said. balancing devices independently of said mechanism. y

2O, In an air craft, automatically acting meansfor balancing the same about a longitudinal axis, a vertical rudder and means Ljfor' operatingthe same to steer the craft right and left, and a connection between said vertical rudder and said automatic balancing means for modifying the operation of'said automatic means to cause thea'utomatic balancing means by its operation to bank the craft, together with manually} operable means to balance the craft independently of said automatic means. r c

' 21'. "In-combination with'an air craft pro vided with balancing devices, operating'means ;for moi'zing the balancing devices, asource of power for moving said ,oper'ating'means, a standard of position, controlling means adapted to be ope'r'ated-irom said standard to causemovement of said operating means from said source of power "upoh unbalancing ofthe craft, sa d standard having a normal v ma am nism, and additional hand operated means for HClJUStIHg said posltional relation at will.

. In combination with an air craft, of balancing devices therefor which are normally locked in the positions to which they are moved, operating means for moving the balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means, a standard of .position'ad'aptedto automatically cause movement of said operating means from said sou ceof power upon unbalancing of the or it, manual controlling means, and means for releasing the balancing devices from their locked positions at will, whereby manual control may be exercised.

23. A balancing system comprising balancing devices, manually operable means for controlling the same, automatic means for controlling the same, means for shifting said balancing devices from automatic to manual control at will, and locking means,connected operativcly with the aforesaid shifting meansand acting when the aforesaid shift is made to lock said automatic means against movement.

24. A balancing system comprising bal-' ancing devices, manually operable means for controlling the same, automatic means for controlling the same comprising as a principal controlling element a standard of position, means for shifting said balancing devices from automatic to manual control at will, and locking means for said standard of position connected operatively with the aforesaid shifting means and operated when the aforesaid shift is made to lock the standard of position against movement.

A balancing system comprising balancing devices. automatic operating mechanism for normally operating the same,.normally inoperative manual means for controlling the same. and duplex shifting control means including devices acting simultaneously to disable the automatic mecha nism and enable the manual co ntrolmeans, and vice versa. I

26. A balancing system comprising balancing devices, power operated automaticmeans arranged 'to nor-mall; control the same. normally inoperative manual means for controlling the same, and duplex shiftiug control means including devices acting simultaneously to render the manual means operative, and vice vers; at will, and a shifting device hrranged to cut off the power from said automatic control means in the course of shifting from automatic to manual. control.

22'. A balancing system comprising balancing devices. manual control means for the same, automatic control means for the same comprising operating means for the balancing power controlling device, a standard of position acting to efi'ect the application of power to said operating means upon unbalancing of the craft, shifting means for shifting the control from automatic to devices, asource of power, a

manual at will, and means connecting said shifting means with said power controlling device whereby upon shift from automatic to manual control the said power control means is moved to off position.

28. An automatic balancing mechanism arranged to operate the balancingdevices and to hold the same in any position to which they are operated, and means for re leasing said balancing devices from operative control of said mechanism at will and also unlocking the said mechanism.

:29. In combination with balancing devices,-automatic balancing mechanism therefor including within itself means to hold the operated balancing devices fixedly locked "against movement initiated independently of the mechanism in any position to which they may be operated, externally operable means connected with said mechanism to destroy said locking function at will, and manual operating connections extending to thebalancing devices through said automatic mechanism.

30. In combination with an air craft provided with balancing devices, operating means for the balancing devices, a source of power for moving said operating means, a standard of position which has a normal positional. relation with respect to the craft and which is adapted to automatically con trol the movement of said operating means from said source of power upon unbalancing of the craft, means for preventing over correction of-unbalancing, steering mecha nism, means operable through the steering mechanism tochange the normal positional relation of the standard at will, manual controlling means for the balancing devices,

and means for shifting from automatic to manual control at will.

31. In an aircraft in combination, balancing devices, an automatic means connected to operate said balancing devices and constructed for a total range of operative movement greaLfier. than that necessary to move 'the balan mg devices to their positions of maximum effectiveness, and means depend ent for its operation upon movement of the automatic means through a predetermined range to limit the operation of the balancing devices to said predetermined range.

32. In an automatic balancing mechanism for air craft comprising a source of power, an

operating means for the balancing devices,

controlling means by which the transmission of power to the operating means may be controlled, a standard of position controlling,

tliginapplication of power to said operating adapted to'occupy a predetermined normal 65 s; throughv said controlling means, and

-' said operating means byt he foregoing mech- V 3%, An automatic balancing mechanism comprising, a power driven operating devlce, controlling means forthe same, a

standard of position governing said controlling means, and a follow-up device between said operating device on the onehand and said controlling means and standard on the other, together with a limit stop device act .ing"through said controlling means and standard to define the positions of extreme movement of said operating device.

34'. In combination an automatic means for operating balancing devices, constructed :fora range of movement greater. than that necessary to operate the balancing devices to .their positions of maximum efi'ec'tivenes's, and a stop device acting upon said autothrough ap'redetermined range less than its maximum to stop the same and thereby limit the degree of movement ofi said balancing ing means.

devices.

35.- In an air craft, balancing devices for the same, an automatic balancing mechanism comprising .a source of power, operatthrough which the balancing debe operated; controlling means vices may for the power applied to said operating.

means, a standard of-position for operation of the said controlling means, alateral steering'gear, connection from said lateral steering gear for changing the normal positional relation between s'aidcontrolling means and said standard, and a separate hand operated means for manually adjusting saidrelation at will. i 1

86. An automatic balancing mechanism for aircraft comprising a-motor device; a

controlling means for said motor device, a standard of position governing said controlling means, andtwo distinct manually operable means adapted .eachseparately and independently to eflect operation of said mechanism without interfering with the governing action of said. standard, said manually operable means arranged one to be connected with a suitablemanually operable control lever and the other with the steering means of a craft whereby the balancing of the craft may be effected conjunctively with the steering operation vor independently thereof through the automatic mechanism and at will.

37. An automatic balancing "mechanism for aircraft comprising as its principalvand controlling element a standard of position being a follow-up connection between" tlie operating' means and the! controlling, means and 'in addition adjustable limiting. 1 means defining theextent. of movement of] position.- with respectto the craft on whichit is mounted,and two distinct manually operable means jadapted each separately and independentlyto efiect a shifting of said standard to a new normal position for as long atime as desired, said' manually operable meansiarranged one to be connected with a suitable manually operable control lever and the other with the steering means of a craft whereby the balancing oi the craft may be effected conjunctively with the steering operation or independently thereof th ieugh the automatic mechanism and at W1 i 38. An automatic balancing mechanism for aircraft comprising as its principal and controlling element a standard of position adapted to occupy a predetermined normal position withrespect to the craft on which it is mounted, manually operable means to effect adjustment of said standard to anew normal position through operation of said mechanism, and additional and independently operable-means to effect adjustment of said standard adapted to be connected to the steering device of the craft and whereby banking of a craft may be effected through operation of the said steering mechanism independently of the first named adjusting means. a

39. In an air. craft, a balancing system comprising balancing devices,an automatic balancing mechanism connected to operate the balancing devices, steering mechanism, means connectedtherewithto efi'ect operation of the balancing devices to bank the craft without removing them from control of said balancingmechanism, and additional manually operable means to separately and independently effect adjustment of'said balancingmechanism to various normal balancing angles.

40. In an air craft, a balancing system comprising balancing devices, an automatic balancing mechanism connected to operate the balancing devices, steering mechanism, means connected therewith to effect operation of the balancing devices to-bank the craft without removing them from control of said balancing mechanism, additional manually operable means to separately and independently effect 'adjustment of said balancing mechanism tovarious normal balancing angles, and manual control means connected directly with said balancing devices for direct operation of the same.

41. An automatic balancing mechanism the movement of said operating -T means by 

